{"id":5662,"date":"2025-01-06T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2025-01-06T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/shooklin.com\/assignments-in-breach-of-public-policy-may-amount-to-debt-trafficking\/"},"modified":"2025-01-06T00:00:00","modified_gmt":"2025-01-06T00:00:00","slug":"assignments-in-breach-of-public-policy-may-amount-to-debt-trafficking","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/shooklin.com\/zh-hans\/assignments-in-breach-of-public-policy-may-amount-to-debt-trafficking\/","title":{"rendered":"Assignments in Breach of Public Policy May Amount to Debt Trafficking"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">DGJ v Ocean Tankers (Pte) Ltd (in liquidation) <\/span><\/i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">[2024] SGCA 57<\/span><i><span lang=\"EN-GB\"><\/span><\/i><span lang=\"EN-GB\">The Court of Appeal ruled that assignments may be ineffective for offending public policy. Additionally, an assignment of a bare right to sue must not prejudice the administration of justice. Generally, non-assignment clauses would also prohibit the assignment of contractual and related rights.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Facts<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\nThis was an appeal against the High Court\u2019s decision in <i>Re Ocean Tankers (Pte) Ltd (In Liquidation)<\/i> [2023] SGHC 330. Our client update may be found <span lang=\"EN-GB\"><a href=\"https:\/\/shooklin.com\/images\/publications\/2024\/Set-Off%E2%80%93Assignability-of-Claims-and-Coverage-of-Non-Assignment-Clause.PDF\"><span lang=\"EN-US\">here<\/span><\/a><\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>Ocean Tankers (Pte) Ltd (\u201c<b>Ocean Tankers<\/b>\u201d) was a company controlled by Mr Lim Oon Kuin that has collapsed. A debtor of Ocean Tankers (\u201c<b>Debtor<\/b>\u201d) chartered vessels from it. After Ocean Tankers was placed in judicial management, the Debtor commenced arbitration proceedings against Ocean Tankers for certain breaches. Ocean Tankers counterclaimed for certain amounts owed.<\/p>\n<p>A creditor of Ocean Tankers that was related to the Debtor notified the liquidators of two assignments to the Debtor (\u201c<b>Assignments<\/b>\u201d). The first related to several bills of lading and a default judgment. The second related to a contract with a non-assignment clause and related tortious claims.<\/p>\n<p>The Debtor raised these assigned claims in the arbitration as a defence by way of legal and\/or insolvency set-off. The liquidators applied for Ocean Tankers to be wound up and sought a declaration that the purported Assignments were ineffective as they were prohibited by a non-assignment clause and\/or non-assignable bare rights to sue. The liquidators also sought to strike down the assignments on public policy grounds.<\/p>\n<p><b><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Issues<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p>The Court of Appeal had to determine these key issues:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Whether the Assignments were effective as against Ocean Tankers.<\/li>\n<li>If the Assignments were valid, whether insolvency set-off applied.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Assignments against public policy may be ineffective <\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p>The Assignments were ineffective for subverting the <i>pari passu<\/i> regime.<\/p>\n<p>A bare right to sue is generally not assignable for offending the policy against champerty. Champerty involves maintaining a civil action in exchange for a share of the proceeds. <span lang=\"EN-US\">Three exceptions exist where<span>[1]<\/span>:<\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\"> <\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>such assignment is incidental to the transfer of property;<\/li>\n<li>the assignee has a legitimate interest in the litigation; or<\/li>\n<li>there is no realistic possibility that the administration of justice would be prejudiced.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>However, public policy concerns are not confined to situations involving assignments of bare rights to sue. Public policy concerns protecting the due administration of justice.\u00a0 Accordingly, the laws on assignment are subject to public policy considerations. Like how contracts may be struck down for illegality, any assignment may be ineffective for offending public policy.<\/p>\n<p>The exceptions in <i>Re Vanguard<\/i> continue to apply to assignments of bare rights to sue. However, the test is modified as set out below. An assignment may also be challenged by showing that there is an applicable public policy that would be offended. Courts would adopt a substance over form approach when considering the effect and purpose of such assignment. Public policies underlying the insolvency regime are relevant where such assignment occurs in the context of a company\u2019s liquidation.<\/p>\n<p>The policy against arrangements which offend the <i>pari passu<\/i> rule is a cornerstone of insolvency law and a dominant consideration in the liquidation process. It strikes down arrangements even where parties had no intention of offending the rule.<\/p>\n<p>The <i>pari passu<\/i> regime affects unsecured creditors. Therefore, their interests must be considered. The Assignments were held to be an abuse of the insolvency set-off process because the Debtor sought to obtain preferential payment. Therefore, the Assignments were ineffective for subverting the <i>pari passu<\/i> regime. Such arrangements deprived Ocean Tankers of the full value of its assets available for <i>pari passu<\/i> distribution.<\/p>\n<p>The scope of debt trafficking remains a question of fact. However, the \u201coptimisation\u201d of liabilities as in the present case would be an abuse of the insolvency set-off process.<\/p>\n<p><b><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Assignment of Bare Rights to Sue Available in Two Situations<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-US\">The <i>Re Vanguard<\/i> test was modified to emphasise the need to safeguard the administration of justice. A bare right to sue is now only assignable where:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>such assignment is incidental to the transfer of property and there is no realistic possibility that the administration of justice would be prejudiced; or<\/li>\n<li>the assignee has a legitimate interest in the litigation and there is no realistic possibility that the administration of justice would be prejudiced.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-US\">In this case, the fact that the Debtor stood to gain from the assignment did not amount to a legitimate interest. Also, the fact that the Debtor and Assignor formed part of the same corporate group did not constituted sufficient legitimate interest.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Non-Assignment Clauses Prohibit Assignments of Contractual and Tortious Rights<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-US\">The court held that parties\u2019 intentions influence the construction of non-assignment clauses. Parties would likely have intended to deal only with the original contract parties. Such an intention likely extends to any disputes arising from the contract. Therefore, in the absence of contrary evidence, non-assignment clauses would be construed to prohibit the assignment of both contractual and tortious rights arising from the contract.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span lang=\"EN-US\">Insolvency Set-Off Only Relevant with a Valid Assignment<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-US\">Given that none of the Assignments were valid, the issue of insolvency set-off was not engaged.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><span lang=\"EN-US\">Learning points<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span lang=\"EN-GB\"> <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Assignments may be ineffective for contravening public policy. The adoption of an independent substance over form analysis on whether an act contravenes public policy suggests that the scope of public policy may be wider than previously thought. <\/span><\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"EN-GB\"> <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Impact on the market \u2013 While the impact on the distressed debt market is limited, it is not clear what the wider ramifications on markets heavily reliant on the assignment of debts such as asset securitisation would be.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"EN-GB\"> <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Law on champerty \u2013 Contracting parties should ensure that any assignment of bare rights to sue meet the requirements under the modified <i>Re Vanguard <\/i><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span lang=\"EN-GB\"> <\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">Scope of non-assignment clause \u2013 Assignees should be aware of the existence and coverage of any non-assignment clause. Such clauses would typically be construed to prohibit the assignment of contractual and tortious rights arising from the contract. <\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span lang=\"EN-GB\">This update was authored by <a href=\"https:\/\/shooklin.com\/zh-hans\/our_people\/liew-kai-zee\/\">Liew Kai Zee<\/a> (Partner), <a href=\"https:\/\/shooklin.com\/zh-hans\/our_people\/david-lee\/\">David Lee<\/a> (Partner) and Benjamin Lim (Associate).<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Click <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/shooklin.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Assignments-in-Breach-of-Public-Policy-May-Amount-to-Debt-Trafficking.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #bd1617;\">here<\/span> <\/a>to view the article.<\/p>\n<hr align=\"left\" size=\"1\" width=\"33%\" \/>\n<p><span id=\"ftn1\"><br \/>\n<span><span lang=\"EN-GB\">[1]<\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-GB\"> <\/span><i><span lang=\"EN-US\">Re Vanguard Energy Pte Ltd <\/span><\/i><span lang=\"EN-US\">\u00a0[2015] 4 SLR 597 (\u201c<b><i>Re Vanguard<\/i><\/b><i>\u201d<\/i>)<\/span><br \/>\n<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The Court of Appeal ruled that assignments may be ineffective for offending public policy. Additionally, an assignment of a bare right to sue must not prejudice the administration of justice. Generally, non-assignment clauses would also prohibit the assignment of contractual and related rights.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Click <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" href=\"https:\/\/shooklin.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/Assignments-in-Breach-of-Public-Policy-May-Amount-to-Debt-Trafficking.pdf\"><span style=\"color: #bd1617;\">here<\/span> <\/a>to view the article.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[23],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5662","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-publications"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Assignments in Breach of Public Policy May Amount to Debt Trafficking - Shook Lin &amp; Bok LLP | Leading Singapore Law Firm<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/shooklin.com\/zh-hans\/assignments-in-breach-of-public-policy-may-amount-to-debt-trafficking\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"zh_CN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Assignments in Breach of Public Policy May Amount to Debt Trafficking - Shook Lin &amp; Bok LLP | Leading Singapore Law Firm\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The Court of Appeal ruled that assignments may be ineffective for offending public policy. 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